????????

????? ????? ???????? (1193/1206–1280), ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????

百度去北京上海，广州深圳，还是去杭州武汉南京成都这样的热门“新一线”城市？在综合考虑诗和远方的长期规划的同时，走出象牙塔的年轻人还得考虑眼下的现实：自己的收入能否覆盖基本的住（租）房支出？作为年轻人支出的大头，今年的房租市场并不乐观。

???????? (theology) ??????? ???? ?????? (??????) ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????????. ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????, ??? ????????, ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????????.

???????? ??????? ???????????????????

???????? ????????????? ?????????? (theologians) ??????????. ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????, ??????????????, ????????? ????? ?????????, ??????, ????????????, ??????????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????.

???????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????:

?????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????????????;
??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????????;
????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????;
???? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????;
???? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????;
?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????;
??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????.

???????? ??????? ???????? ??????

??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????. ???? ???????????, ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????.

???????????? theology ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? theologia (θεολογ?α) ??????? ?????????????????????? ????????. ???????????? theologia ??????? ?????? ????????????????????. θεολογ?α (theologia) ??????? ????????? ???? θε?? = theos (= ??????), λ?γο? (logos) (= ????, ???, ????????, ????) ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????. ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????.

???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????? ???????? (??.??. 428/427 - ??.??. 348/347) ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? (??????????) ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????. ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? (??.??. 384 - ??.??. 322) ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????. ???? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????. ???????: 1) ????????? (mathematike), 2) ????????? (physike),3) ???????? (theologike). ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? (metaphysics) ???????????. ???? ?????????? ?????? (???????) ?????? ???????? ????????. ????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????.^[1]

??????? ???? ????????? ??????, ?????? (Varro) (??.??. 116 - ??.??. 27) ??????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????????? ??????????: 1) ???????? ????????? (mythology): ?????????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ?????????. ?????????? ?????? ?????????? (mythis) ??????????? ??????? ???????. 2) ???????????? ??????: ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????. 3)?????????? ??????: ?????????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????.^[2]

?????? ?????? ???? (λ?γον το? θεο? = logon tou theou = word of God) ??????? ????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ^{(?????: ?????????????? 1:2)}.
???????? ?????? ??????????????? (??.??. ?????? 160 - ?????? 220) ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????.^[2]^[3] ????? ????????? (??.??. 354 - 430) ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????. ??? ????, ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ????????.^[4]
???????? ?????? ????? theologia ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ??????????????.^[5]

??.??. ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? (Boethius) ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????????. ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????. ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????????????.^[6]
???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????????.
17??? ?????????????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ??????? "?????? ????????" (Natural Theology) ??????? ????? ????????. ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????????????? ????? ????? ????? ???.

???????? ???????? - ??? ??? ???????????

???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????. ???????? ????????????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????????????? ??????? ???. ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????.

???????

????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????, ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???????????? ???????????. ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? (Ignacio Cabezon) ???????. ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ?????????, ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????.^[7]

????? ?????

????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????. ?????????? ????? ????, ?????????? ????? ????, ????? ??????? ????, ??????????? ???????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????. ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. ??????, ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????????? ??????????????? (???????, ?????????, ?????????, ?????, ????????, ?????????). ??? ????????, ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ?????.

???????

???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????. ???????????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????.^[8]

?????

??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????. ??? ????? ????????????, (??????, ???) ??????????????? ????????????????? ????? ???????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ???????????? ??? Judaism ?? ????????????????.^[9]^[10]

?????????? ???????? ??????????????

??.??. 6??? ?????????????? ??????????? (?????? ????????????) ????????? (??????: ????????; ?????: ???????) ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????????????.
??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??.??. ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? (Academy) ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ?????????.
???????? ??.??. ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? Taixue (?????: 太学) ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????????????????.
?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? (Nisibis) ??????? ?????? ??.??. 4??? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????????. ????? ???????? ???????? ????????????????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ??????.
??.??. 5??? 6??? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? (??????) ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????.
???????? ???????? ??.??. 10??? ?????????????????? ???-??????????? (Al-Karouine) ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ??.??. 10??? ???????????? ??????????? ???-????? (Al-Azhar) ????????????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????.
?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????????????? ???????? ?????????. ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? (Bologna), ??????, ???????????? ??????? ?????. ???????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????; ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ???????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????. ??? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???????.
18??? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (Enlightenment) ???? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ??? ????????????? ?????? ????????. ???????????????? ??? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????. ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????????????? ????????; ???? ??????? (secular) ????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????????.
?????, ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????. ?????????? ??? ??????????? (religious studies) ??????. ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????. ?????, ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???????, ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????.

?????? ?????

???????? ????????

???????????

↑ Aristotle, Metaphysics, Book Epsilon. ????????????? 16 ???????? 2008 at the ??????? ?????????
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Augustine, City of God VI ????????????? 13 ???????? 2006 at the ??????? ?????????, ch. 5.
↑ Tertullian, Ad Nationes II ????????????? 13 ?? 2007 at the ??????? ?????????, ch. 1.
↑ ?????????? ????????. City of God Book VIII. i.. ????????????? 4 ?????? 2008 at the ??????? ?????????: "de divinitate rationem sive sermonem."
↑ McGukin, John. 2001. Saint Gregory of Nazianzus: An Intellectual Biography. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 278: ??????? ??????? uses the word in this sense in his 4th-century Theological Orations ????????????? 7 ?????? 2006 at the ??????? ?????????.
↑ "Boethius, On the Holy Trinity" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 2025-08-05.
↑ Cabezon, Jose Ignacio. 1999. "Buddhist Theology in the Academy." pp. 25–52 in Buddhist Theology: Critical Reflections by Contemporary Buddhist Scholars, edited by R. Jackson and J. J. Makransky. London: Routledge.
↑ Gardet, L. 1999. "Ilm al-kalam ????????????? 3 ?????? 2016 at the ??????? ?????????." The Encyclopedia of Islam, edited by P. J. Bearman, et al. Leiden: Brill Publishers.
↑ Libenson, Dan and Lex Rofeberg, hosts. 5 October 2018. "God and Gender – Rachel Adler ????????????? 11 ???????? 2018 at the ??????? ?????????." Ep. 138 in Judaism Unbound (podcast).
↑ Rashkover, Randi. 1999. "A Call for Jewish Theology." CrossCurrents. "Frequently the claim is made that, unlike Christianity, Judaism is a tradition of deeds and maintains no strict theological tradition. Judaism's fundamental beliefs are inextricable from their halakhic observance (that set of laws revealed to Jews by God), embedded and presupposed by that way of life as it is lived and learned."

[1] Aristotle, Metaphysics, Book Epsilon. ????????????? 16 ???????? 2008 at the ??????? ?????????

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Augustine, City of God VI ????????????? 13 ???????? 2006 at the ??????? ?????????, ch. 5.

[3] Tertullian, Ad Nationes II ????????????? 13 ?? 2007 at the ??????? ?????????, ch. 1.

[Cityof-4] ?????????? ????????. City of God Book VIII. i.. ????????????? 4 ?????? 2008 at the ??????? ?????????: "de divinitate rationem sive sermonem."

[5] McGukin, John. 2001. Saint Gregory of Nazianzus: An Intellectual Biography. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 278: ??????? ??????? uses the word in this sense in his 4th-century Theological Orations ????????????? 7 ?????? 2006 at the ??????? ?????????.

[6] "Boethius, On the Holy Trinity" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 2025-08-05.

[7] Cabezon, Jose Ignacio. 1999. "Buddhist Theology in the Academy." pp. 25–52 in Buddhist Theology: Critical Reflections by Contemporary Buddhist Scholars, edited by R. Jackson and J. J. Makransky. London: Routledge.

[8] Gardet, L. 1999. "Ilm al-kalam ????????????? 3 ?????? 2016 at the ??????? ?????????." The Encyclopedia of Islam, edited by P. J. Bearman, et al. Leiden: Brill Publishers.

[9] Libenson, Dan and Lex Rofeberg, hosts. 5 October 2018. "God and Gender – Rachel Adler ????????????? 11 ???????? 2018 at the ??????? ?????????." Ep. 138 in Judaism Unbound (podcast).

[10] Rashkover, Randi. 1999. "A Call for Jewish Theology." CrossCurrents. "Frequently the claim is made that, unlike Christianity, Judaism is a tradition of deeds and maintains no strict theological tradition. Judaism's fundamental beliefs are inextricable from their halakhic observance (that set of laws revealed to Jews by God), embedded and presupposed by that way of life as it is lived and learned."

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