《端》动荡： “我们”的时代需要什么样的媒体？
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???? ?????????? ?????: ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? (1916); ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????? (1916); ????????? ????????????? (1917) ???? ??????????? ???. ???. ???. ??????? ???????????? ??????; ???????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ???????? (1916); ????????????? ???????????? ???????????? (1914–15) ?????; ?????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? (1916). |
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????? ???? 1 ?????? ??????? ????? ???? (28 ???? 1914 - 11 ??????? 1918) ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????. ??????????? ???????, ???????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ?????????, ?????? ???????, ???????????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????. ?????????? 90 ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????????????. ?????? 2.3 ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????. ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????, ???????, ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????? 50 ??????? ?????????? ????????.[2] ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? 1918 ????????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????.[3][4]
1914???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? (????????, ??????? ??????? ?????????) ??????? ??????????? ??????? (???????, ?????????-??????? ??????? ???????) ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????. ?????????-??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? 28 ???? 1914 ????? ????? ???????????. ?????????-??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ????????????? ??????? ???????. ????????? ?????????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????????????. 28 ???? 1914 ????? ?????????-??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????????. ???????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????. ?????? 4??? ???? ???????? ???????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????. ??????? 1914??? ?????????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?????????-??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????. 26 ?????? 1915??? ?????????, ????????, ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????????.
1914??? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????????????? ???????????, ????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ?????.[5] ???????, ?????????? 1914??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????????????????. ???????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????????? ???? ????? ????????????. ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????????????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????. 1917 ??? ????????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ?????????, ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????. ?????????-??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????. ???? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???????, ???????, ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ????????? ?????????, ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????. 1915??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????-??????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????. ??? ?????????, ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????. 1916??? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????????-????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ????????????? ??????? ??????. ??? ?????????, ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????????. 1917??? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????. ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????. ???????????, ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????. ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????. ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????. ?????? 6 ?????? 1917 ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????.
??????????? 1917 ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????????. ?????? 1918??? ????????-?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????. ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????. ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? 1918??? ??????????? ??????????. ?????, ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????????, ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????????. ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????. ?????, ??? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?????????.[6] 1918??? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????. 29 ?????????? ????? ?????????????, 31 ???????? ????? ???????????????, ????? 3 ??????? ????? ?????????-??????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????, ????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????????????????? ?????? ??????? 9 ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????. ????? ????????? ???????????? 11 ??????? 1918??? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????. ??? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???????????????? ???????? ???? 1919-20??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????. 1917??? ???????? ??????, 1918??? ??????????? ??????, 1920??? ?????????-?????????? ??????, ??????? 1922??? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????, ???????, ?????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ??????????????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????, ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? 1939??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????.
????????
[????]????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? 1914??? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????????. 20 ?????????? 1914 ????? ? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????????, "'?????????? ????' ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? … ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????????"[7] ????? ???? ?????????.
??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????? ? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????. ?????????????? 1920??? ?????????????????. ???? ?????????????? 10 ?????????? 1918 ????? ???????? ????????????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ???? ????????????????????.[8][9] ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? 1914-1918??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???????????.[10][11] 1914 ?????? ????????? ? ?????????????? ???? ???? ???????, "??? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????" ????? ????????.[12] ???????? 1914??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????, "??? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????" ????? ????????.[13] ?????? ????????????? ???????, "???? ????????????????? ???????????? ??? ????" ????? ??????????????. ??????, "????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ??? ????" ??????? ???????????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????????.[14] 1939??? ???????? ????? ???? ??????????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????????????. ????????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? "??????? ????? ????" ???? ????? ?????????? ??????????????. ????????????? "????? ???? ?????" ???? ??????????? ??????????????.[15][not in citation given]
???????
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??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????
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??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????
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??????????? ???????
??????? ???????
????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? "???????" ?????; ?????? ????????????????? ????? ???????? ???????.
19??? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????. ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????????.[16] 1848???? ????? ???????????, ??????????? ???????????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????, ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????. 1866??? ????????-????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????. 1870-71??? ????????-????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????. 1871 ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????-?????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? 40 ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????.[17]
?????????? ?????????????????, ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????-???????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????. 1877-1878??? ??????-??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????. ???????, ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????-??????? ????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????-??????? 1879??? ???????? ????????? ???????????. 1882??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????????????.[18] ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ????????. ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? 1880??? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????, 1881??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????????. ??? 1883 ??????? 1885??? ???????? ???????????????????. 1887??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????, ???? ????????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????????. ???????? ?????? ?????????-??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????????.[19]
??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????, 1890??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????????. ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????? ????????.[20] ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????. ???????? 1894??? ???????????? ????????-???????? ???????, 1904??? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? 1907??? ????? ????????-???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????. ??? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????, ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????????.[21] 1911??? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ????, ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????????. ????????-????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????. ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????. ??? 1914??? ????? ?????????.[22]
?????? ??????
[????]
1871??? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????????, ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????-?????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????. ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ????? ?????????.[23] ???????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ????????. ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????????? ???? ???????????. ??? ?????????, ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????????.[24]
???????, ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????. ??? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????. ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????. ?????, 1890??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???????. ????????-????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????.[25] ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??????, 1906??? ???. ???. ???. ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????. ???? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????????.[23] ????????, ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????????????? ??? ?????????. ??????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ????? ??? ???????????????? ????. 1911??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????. ??? '???????? ??????? ???????? ????????' ??????? ???????. ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????.[26]
??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????????????. ?????, 1905??? ??????-?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????????. ???????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????????????? 1908??? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????. ?????????, ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????.[27] ???????????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????-??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????????. ??? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????. 1913??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????????? ???? 1,70,000 ??????????? ????????????????????? ?????, ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ??? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????????, ????????????? ?????????????. ??? ????????????? ??????? ?????????-??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????. ????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????. ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????. ?????, ???????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????. ???????, 1908 ????? 1913 ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????????? 50%?????? ???? ???????????.[28]
??????? ????????
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1914???? ??????? ??????????, ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????, ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????, ????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????????. ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????????. ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????????. ??? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ????????????. ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????????.[29]
??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????????? ??????, ??????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????. 1908-1909???? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ??????????. ????????? 1878??? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????????????. ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????????. ????????????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????????. ?????, ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????????. ??? ?????????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????. ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????????????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???????. ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????.[30]
1911-1912??? ????? ????????-??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????. ??? ????????, ?????????, ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????.[31] 1912-1913??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????????. ??? ??????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????.[32] ??????????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????????, 21 ??????? 1912 ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????????. ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ????????. ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????.[33]
1913??? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????????. ??? ????????? ?????????, ????????, ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????. ???????, ?????????????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? 33 ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????. 16 ???? 1913 ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????. ????? ????????? ??????????????????. ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????????????, ?????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????.[34] ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? "????????????? ???????????" ????????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????. ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????.[35] ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????, ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? 1914???? ??????? ??????? ????? "??????????? ????????????? ????????" ????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????.[36]
???? ??????????
[????]???????? ??????? ????
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28 ???? 1914 ????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ??????????. ????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????????[m] ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????. ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????. ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????. ???????, ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????.[40]
?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????. ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????????. ???????????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????????????. ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ???? ?????????????? ????????????????. ?????, 1 ??? ????????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????????. ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????. ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????. ???????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????.[41] ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????, ????????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????. ????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????, "????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????????. ???! ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????" ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????????.[42]
??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????, ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????. ????? "????????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????????. ?????? 28 ???? ??????? ??????? 29 ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????????????????????."[43][44] ?????????????, ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????. ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? "??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????, 9/11 ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????????????? ??? ???????? ???????" ????? ??????????????????.[45]
???????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????
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????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????-???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????. ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????. ?????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????.[46][47] ?????????????? ???????????, ?????????-??????????? ???????????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ????????, ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????-???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? 5,500 ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????, ???????????? ??????????????? ??????????. ????? 700 ????? 2,200 ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????????. ??????, 460 ???????????????? ??? ?????? ???????????????. ???????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????, ???????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????.[48][49][50][51]
???? ?????????
[????]??????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ???????. ?????????-???????, ???????, ???????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????????????. ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????.[52] ???????, ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????. ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????.[53] 23 ???? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????????? 10 ??????????? ????????????? ????????????, ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????.[54]
???? 25 ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????. ????? ???????????????? ????, ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????, ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????????????.[55][56] ??? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????????. ???? 28 ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????. ?????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????????. ???? 25 ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? 30??? ???? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????????????? ??????????.[57]
????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???? 31 ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????????.[58] 12 ??? ????????????? "??????? ??????? ?????????-??????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????????? ????????????" ?????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????.[59] ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????. ???????? ???? ?????? ????????????????? ??????????. ????? ???? ?????????? ????????????????.[60] ??? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????; ?????????? ?????????? 80% ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????, ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????.[61]
???? 29 ????? ????? ??? ??????????? 1839??? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????, ????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????. ??????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????????????. ??? ???????????? ??????????????????????????. ????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????????.[62] ???? 31 ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????. ????????????? ??? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ???????. ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ???????????????.[63]
?????? 1 ????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????. ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????, ???????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????.[64] ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? "????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????" ?? ???????????. ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???????????. ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? "??? ????? ????????. ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????" ???????.[65] ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????. ???????? ????? ???????? ????????????????? ?? ??? ???? ????????????????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????????? "??????? ?? ??? ???????????? ????" ???????.[66]
????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ????????. ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ????????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????.[67] ?????? 2 ????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????. ?????? 3 ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????????. ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??????????????. ?????? 4 ???? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ??????? ????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????.[68][69] ????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????. ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????.[70]
?????? ??????
[????]????????? ??????????
[????]??? ???????? ????? ????????
[????]??? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????. ???????? ????? ?????????-??????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????. ????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????. ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? 1914??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????. ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????????????????. ?????????-???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????. ?????, ?????????-???????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????, ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????.[71] ???? ??????????? ?????????-???????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????.
???????? ????? ???????????
[????]
12 ???????? ???????, ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????. ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????. ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????????????. ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????.[72] 1914??? ????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????? 20??? ???????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????????.[73] 1915??? ??????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????????? ??????. ??????, 1915??? ??????? ?????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????.[74][75]
????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????
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1914??? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? 80% ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????????????. ???????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????????????. ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????. ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????????????. 1891??? ????? ????? 1906??? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????. ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????, ????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????. ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????. ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????.[76]
???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????. ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? 85% ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????. ???????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????? "????? ???????????" ???????-???????????? ?????????????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????. ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? 17??? ??????????????? ???????? ????????.[76] ??????? ?????????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????. ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???? 1908 ???????????? 1916 ?????? ??????????????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? 85:15 ?????????????? 70:30 ????? ???? ???????????????.[77] ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????. ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. ???? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ??? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????????.[78] ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????. ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????.[79]
???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????. ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????. ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????????? ???????-???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????. ????? ????????????????????? 2.60 ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? 22 ????? ??????????? 27,000 ?????????? ?????????.[80] ????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????. ??? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????. ??? 1866 ??????? 1870??? ?????? ???? ????????. ????? 1914??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????????????, ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????.[81] ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? 5 ????? 12 ??? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????????. ??????????? ?????? ?????? 50 ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????.
1911??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????????? 15 ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????????????? ??????????????. ??? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??? 10 ??????? ??????? ?????. 17 ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????.[82] 26 ????? 30 ???????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ???????? 8??? ?? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????.[?????? ????]
1914??? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ????????????. ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ????????????. ??????? ??????? ??? 2,30,000 ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ??? ????????? ??? ?????, ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????.[83] ??? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????, ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????. ????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ????????: "??????? ?????? ????????????? ????????. ??? ????? ??????????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????????."[84]
????? ???????
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30 ?????? 1914 ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????. ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????. 11 ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????. 28 ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????. ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????. ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????. ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????????. ?????????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????-??????? ?????? ???? ??????????. ???? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? 1914 ????? ??????????????????.[85] ??? ??????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??? ??????? ??????????. ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????.[86][87]
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[????]??????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????. ?????? 6 ????? 7 ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????. 10 ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ???????. ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????. ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????-??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????. ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????.[88]
??? ??????????? ??????????? ????
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???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????. 1914??? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????. ??? ????????? ???????????-???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????. ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????.[89][90] ??????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????????????? 1917??? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ???????????????????.[91]
1914??? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????. 1914 ??????? 1918???? ??????? 13 ??????? ?????? ??????????, ????????????? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?? ??????????????????. ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????, ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???????. ????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? 1.40 ??????? ??????????, ?????? ????????? ??????????? 7 ??????? ?????? ?????????????. ????? 47,746 ???? ??????????????. 65,126 ???? ????????????.[92] ?????? ??????? ?????????, ???? ?????????????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????.[93]
?????? ???? (1914 - 1916)
[????]??????? ???? ???? ??????????
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????? ???? ???? ???? ???????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????, ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????? 1914??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????????????? ?? ???????????. ?????????, ????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????. ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????????.[94] ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????.[95]
?????????? 1914??? ??????? ????? ????????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? "???? ??????? ??????" ????? ???????????. 1914??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????.[96] ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????. ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? "????????????????" ???????????. ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????????.[97] ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????????. 22 ?????? 1915 ????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????. ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????????. ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????, ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????????.[98][99]
??????? ???? ???? ????????
[????]?????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????. 1915 ????? 1917 ????????? ??????????? ????????, ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????. ????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????.
1916 ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????. ??????? ???????? 1916 ??? ?????????. ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????. ????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????. ?????????????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???????. ????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????. ??? ????????????? ??????? 7[100] ????? 9.75 ???????[101] ??? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????????. ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????????.[102]
?????? ??????? ?????? 1916??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????????-???????? ?????????????. ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????1 ???? 1916 ??????????????. ??????????? ??????????? 57,470 ??????????? ??????????. ????? 19,240 ???? ????????? ????????. ????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? 4.20 ??????? ????????????????, 2 ??????? ???????? ??????? 5 ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????????????????.[103] ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????????. ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????. ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????????, ????????????? ?????. ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????, ?????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????, ????, ??????? ???? ?????????, ????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????????????.[104][????????????? ?????????]
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?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????. ????????? ???????? ???, ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????????. ??????????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????. ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????????. ???????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???. ???. ???. ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????????????. ??? 15 ???? ?????????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????. ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? 1914??? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????. ??????????? ???. ???. ???. ????????? ??????????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????????. ????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????????????.[105]
????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????????. ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????.[106] ???????????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????????.[107] ??????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????, ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????????????.[108]
?????????? ??????? (????????? ????: ??????????????????, ?????? ?????????? ???????) ?????? 1916 ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????. ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????????. ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ??????. ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????. ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????. ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ?????????. ???? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????????????????.[109]
?? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????????.[110] ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????????.[110][111] ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????. 1915??? ??????? ??????? ???. ???. ???. ????????????? ????????????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????????. ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????????. ???? ??????? "?????? ?????? ???????????" ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????, ???????? ?????????? "??? ??????????? ??????????" ??????????? ????? ????? ????????????. ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????. [112]???????? 1917??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????. ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????.[113][110] ??? ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????. ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????, ???????? ??????? ??????????????.[110]
?? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????????? 1917??? ????? ?????????. ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????. ???? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????. ????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????????? ????? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????????. ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ??????? ????????? ??????????????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????????. ???? ??????????????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????????. ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????. ?? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????.[114] ?? ????????? 5,000?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????????. ??? ????????? 199 ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ???????.[115]
??????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ???. ???. ???. ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???? 1918??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????. ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????.[116]
?????? ???? ?????????
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????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????-??????????? ?????????? ?????????. ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????????????. ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????????? 1916??? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????. 1915??? ??????? ????? 10 ???????????? ?????????-???????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????????????????. ??????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????-???????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????.[118] ?????????-???????? ??????????? ??????????, ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????-??????????? ????????????? ???????. ??? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????.[119]
???????? ???? 14 ???????? 1915 ????? ????????? ???? ??????????. ??????????? ?????????? 2.50 ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????-???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???????. ??????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? 6 ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????????. ????????????? ??? ????????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????. ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????????? ???? ?????????. ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????. 6-7 ????? 1916??? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ????????. ????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ??????????????[120]. ???? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????-??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????.[121]
1915??? ??????? ????????????? ??? ????????-??????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????????, ??????? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????????????. ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????.[122] ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????????. ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????. ???????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????. ???? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????. ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????. ???? 1917 ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????.
????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????. ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????????? 19 ??????? 1916 ????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????.[123]
??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????-???????? ????????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ?????????? 1918??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ???????. ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????????????. ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????? 25 ???????????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????. ?????? ??????????? ????? 29 ?????????? 1918 ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????.[124] ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????. ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????.[125]
????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????. ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????. ????????? ??????????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????????.[126]
?????????? ??????
[????]
??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????????. ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????. ??? ????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????????????.[127][128][129]
??????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? (1915) ??????? ??????????????? (1914) ???????????????? ????? ??????????. ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????, ????????, ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????. ???????????????????? ????? ??????????????? ???? ???????????? (1915-16) ??????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????, ?????? 1917??? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????. ???????????????????? ???????????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????. ??? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????????.[130]
?????? ?????? 1915 ??????? 1916??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????????. ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????-???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? 52??? (???????) ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????????????. ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????. ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? 1917??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????.[131]
?????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????????????????. ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????. ???????, ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????.[132] 1 ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? 1914??? ?????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????????. ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????????. ???????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? 86 ????????? ????????.[133]
?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? 1916??? ???????? (???????? ?????) ???? ????????????. ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????.[134] ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???????, ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????. ????????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????, ?????, ??????????????, ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ???? ??????????. ??? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????. ?????? ?????????????? 1918??? ????? ??? ?????????. ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????????. ???????, 1917??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????????, ????????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????.[135]
1915 - 1916??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????.[133] 1916??? ??????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????????????? ??????????????. 1917??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????. ???? ????? 1917??? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????. ???????, ?????? 1917 (??? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ???????????????????) ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????. ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????.
??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? 1916??? ??????????. ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????. ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????????. ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????????. ????? ????? 1919??? ???????????.[136]
???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???????. ???????????????? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ???????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? 12,000 ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????????. 1916??? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????????.[137]
???????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????? 6.50 ??????? ???????? ????? ????????????????????. ??? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? 7.25 ??????? ????? ????????????????????. ????? 3.25 ??????? ???? ????????. 4 ??????? ???? ????????????.[138]
???????? ???? ????
[????]
1882????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????, ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????. ???? ???? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????. 1915??? ????? ???? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????.[139] ??????????, ???????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????-???????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????. 1866??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ???????????.[140] 1902??? ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ??????????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????????????.[141]
1914??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ???????? ????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????. ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????. 1911??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????????.[142] ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????????. ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????.[143] ????????? ?????????????????????? ???? ????????? ?????? 1915??? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????. 23 ?? ????? ?????????-??????? ???? ???? ??????????.[144] 15 ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????.
1914???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????. ??????????, ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????. ????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ?????? 1915??? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????????????. ????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????.[145] ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????. ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????? 3,000 ????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????, ????? ???????????? ????? ???????????????. ??????, ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????????.[146] 1915 ??????? 1917???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?? ???????????? ????????????. ???????, ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? 5.48 ???????? ????????.[147]
1916??? ??????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????-????????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????????. ????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????.[148] ?? 1916??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????. ?????? 1916??? ???????? ????????????????. ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? 1917 ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????. ????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????-?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????, ???????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????. ???? 100 ???? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????????.[149] ???? 1918??? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????????. ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????????. 24 ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????????. ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???????????.[150] ????? ?????????-??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????????.[151] ?????? ?????? ????????????????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????????. ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????. ????????????? 3 ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????????.[152] 30 ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????????-??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????????????? ??????????? ??????????? 1915??? ??????????????.[153]
???????? ???????????
[????]
1883??? ????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? 1912 - 1913 ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????????, ??? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????. ??????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????????[154] ???????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? 50 ??????????? 28 ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????????????.[155] ????????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????. 1914??? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????. ????????????? ??????????? ?????, ???????? ???? ?????????-??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????.[156] ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ??????. ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????.[157]
?????????? 1914??? ??????????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????-???????? ?????????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????. ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????.[155] ??????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? 1916??? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????.[157] ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????????????? ??? ????????????? ????????????. ??? ?????????, ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????.[158] 27 ?????? 1916 ????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????. ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????. ?????, ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ????? ???????????, ??????? ?????????????? ????????? 9??? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????.[159] ??? ?????????? ?????????-????????-????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????. ???????, ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????????????? ??????????. ??????????????? ???? ?????????. ??????????? 6 ???????? 1916 ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ????????.[160]
???????? ??????? ?????????-??????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? 16 ???????? ????????? ????????. ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????-???????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???????????. 1917??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? 3 ??????? ?????????? 50 ??????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????.[161] ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????????????. ???????????? 1917??? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????????.[162][163][n] ????????? ???? ??????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????????????. ??? ?????????????????? ??? ???????? ????????????.[166] ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????, ????????? ??????? ???????????. 9 ???????? 1917 ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????.[167] ?????? ????? ?????????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? ????? ???????????. ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? 1918??? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????????. ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? 27 ?????? ????? ????????????.[168]
7 ?? 1918 ????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????????. ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????, ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????-??????????? ?????????????, ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ???????.[169] ???????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????, ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????????????. 10 ??????? 1918 ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. 11 ??????? 1918??? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????????????????.[170][o] 1914 ??????? 1918???? ??????? ?????????-???????? ???????????? 4 - 6 ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?? ????????????????????. ????? 1.50 ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????????. ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? 7.48 ??????? ????? ????????????????????.[172]
????????? ???? ????
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??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????. ??????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????, ??? ???????? ?????????????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????. ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ???? ???????????????? ????????????. ???????, ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? 1914??? ?????? ????????????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????????????.[173][174] 1915??? ??????? ????????????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????. ?? 1915??? ????????-??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ??????????????.[175] 5 ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????.
??????? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? 1916 ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????,[176] ?????? ??????????? ???????????, ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????????????? ???????. ???????, ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????. ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????????, ????????????? ???? ?????? ?????????-???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? 27 ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ?????????. ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????. ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????. ???? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????????????. ???????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????.[177]
???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????. ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? 1916??? ????????? ?????? ???????????????? ??? ????????.[?????? ????]
??? ?????????? ????? ??????????
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12 ???????? 1916 ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????? ??? ??????? ????? 10 ???????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????????.[178] ???????, ??? "?????? ????? ???? ????????" ?? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????????????????.[178]
?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????. ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ??????????. ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????. "?????????? ??????????" ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????????. ????????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? "???????? ????????? ????????" ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????????. ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????????? 14 ????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????????. ??????????? ??? ????????? ???????, ????????????????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????????, ????????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ????????, ??????? ??? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????.[179] ?????????????, ?????????????, ?????????????, ?????????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? "??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????" ????????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????.[179] ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ???? ??? ????? ????????????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????.[180] ???? ????????????????? ?????????????. ???? ??? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????.
1917; ??????? ???????????? ????????
[????]?????? ????? ??????? 1917: ???????? ???????
[????]1916??? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? 50 ???????? ????????. ????????? ???? ??????????????, ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????. ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????????????. ?????? 1917??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????.[181] ??????????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????????. ???? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????????. ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????. ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???????. ???????, ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????. ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????????.[182]
1917??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ????????. ???? ??????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ??? ?????????? 10 ??????? ??????????? ???????????. ???? ?????????? 22 ???? ????? 3 ?????????? ??? ?????????. ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????. ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ?????????.[183]
???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????????????? 16 ?????? 1917 ????? ????????? ??????????????. ????????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ????????. ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????????, ??????????????????? ????????????. ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????????? ????????-?????????? ??????????????? 3 ?????? 1918 ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???????????? ??????????, ?????????, ????????, ????????????, ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ???????????? ????????.[184] ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ???????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????, ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????????????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ????? ??????????????. ??? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????.
???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????????. ?? 1918??? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????????. ????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????. ???? ????????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????-??????? ??????? ?????????????????, ??????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ???????????????. ???????, ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????.[185][186]
?????? 1917: ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????
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24 ???????? 1917 ????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????. ???? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????????????. ??? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????. ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????, ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????. ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ?????????. ??????, ???????, ???? ????????, ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????. ???????, ???? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????????.[193]
6 ?????? 1917 ????? ??? ????????? ??? "????? ????????" ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????.[194] ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????. ????????????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????. ?????? 1917??? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? 3 ??????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????. ??? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? 41 ??????? 83 ??????? ???????? ????????????. 1917??? ??????? ??????????????????? ???? ????????? 28 ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????. ??????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????, ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ???? 1918 ???????? 6.67 ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????????. ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????????????? 20 ????????? ????????[195]. ???????, ????????????? ????? ????? ??????????? 1914???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????. 1918??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??????????????.[196] ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????????. ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????????????.[197]
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???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???? 4 ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????. ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ??? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????. ????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????????.[201] ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????. ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????. ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????????. ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????????, ???? ?????? ????????, ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????????.[202] 1917??? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????????, ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ???, ????????? ???????? ????????.[203]
???????? 1916??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????????. ??? ?????? ????????-??????????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????. ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????, 15 ?????????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????????.[204] ???????, ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ?????????. ?????, ???????? ?????? ???????? 16 ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????. ????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????. ???????? ???? ?? ???????????? ???????????. 25 ?????? ???????? ?????????????????? ??????????? 1.35 ??????? ???????? ????????. ????? 30,000 ???????? ????????? ????????. ????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????.[205]
?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????. ???????, ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????.[206] ????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????. ???? ???????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????????????? ??? ?????????????????.[207] ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? 3 ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? 21??? ????????? ????????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????????????????? "?????? ????????" ??????????? 54 ?????? ????????????? ?????. 20 ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ????????.[208] ???? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????. ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????? ???? ????????? ????, ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ??????????????????. ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????.[209]
??????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????, ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????????.[210] 15 ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????????. ?????? ???????????. ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????. ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????. ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ??? ?????????, ????????? ?????? 27 ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????????. ??? 3,000 ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????????????. ???????, ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????. "?????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????????????...????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????" ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????????????????? ??????????????.[211]
?????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????. ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????, ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????????. ??? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ????????????. ??????, ??????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ????????, ??? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????????.[212]
1917??? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????????. ??? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????????. ??????? ???? ????????????? ??????????. ????????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????.[213][214]
?????????? ?????? ?????, 1917-1918
[????]
1917 ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????. ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? 1916??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????.[215][216] ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????. ???????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? 20??? ??????, 21 ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????.[217] ????? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????????. ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????????.[218][219][220] ??? ????????? 8??? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????????????? ??????????????????. ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????????. ??? ??? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????.[221][222]
1918??? ???????????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????????????. 1918 ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????????????.[223] ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????????????. ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????. ?? ???????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????????. ??? ????????????? ??????????????????, ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ????????????????????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????, ???? ???????????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????.[?????? ????]
??? ?????????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? 1918??? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????. ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? 8??? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????. ??????, ???????, ???? ???? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????????, ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? 7??? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????????. ???????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????. ??????????? ????????? ????????????, ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???, ??????????? ??? ?????????? ???????????, ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????, ??????? ???????, ????? ??????? ???????, ??????, ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????, ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????. ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????????????. ??? ?????????, ???????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???, ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????, ??????, ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? 4??? ?????????? ??????????. ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ????, ???????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????.[?????? ????]
1918: ??????? ???????????? ????????
[????]????????? ??????????? ?????????
[????]
???????? ???? ???????? 1918??? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? (??????????? ???????? ?????????) ???????????? ?????????????. ??? ????????????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ?? ????????????????. ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????. 21 ?????? 1918 ????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? ???????? 60 ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????.[224]
???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????. ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????????????. ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????????????. ???????, ??????????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????????. ???????, 1918??? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????. ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????. ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????????. ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????????.[225]
???? ??????? ?????????????? 120 ???? ???????????????? ??????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????????? 183 ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????. ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? 24 ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????. ???????, ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????????. ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????. ???? ????????? ??????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????.[226]
???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????. ????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????? 15 ???? ????? ????? (????????? ????? ???????) ??????????? ??????? ??????????. ?????? ???????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?????????. 20 ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????????.[227] ???????? ???????? ?????????. ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????. 1918 ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? 2.50 ???????? ????????. ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????.
??? ?????????, ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????. ???? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????. ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ???? ????????????? 1913??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????.
???? ??????? ?????????
[????]
???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????????? 8 ?????? 1918 ????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????. ???? ??????????? 400?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????, 1.20 ??????????????? ???????? ???????????, ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????. ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? 24 ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????????????. ??????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????????????. ???? ???? "????????? ???????????? ??????? ????" ????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????????.[229][230][231] ??? ??????? 23 ???? ??????? ??? ???????????????? ?????, ????????? ???????????? ???????????. 12 ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????.
????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????, ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????. ????????? ????????????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????????. ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????, ?????????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????.[232]
???????????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????????: "??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????. ????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????????????". 11 ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????. ??????? ??????????? ?????????????. ??????? ??????????, "???? ???????????????? ??????? ????????. ?????????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????. ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????".[233] 13 ?????? ????? ????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????????, ????????????, ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????????. ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????????? ????????????: "???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ??????".[234]
????????? ???????
[????]
??????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ??????? 21 ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????.[235] ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???????????? ????????[234] ??????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????. ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? 110 ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????????????, ??????????????? ????????. ????????? ?????????? ???, "??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????. ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????, ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????."[232]
??????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ???? 2 ?????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ("???????? ?????? ?????") ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????. ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????.[236] ???????????? ??????????? ????????, "???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ... ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ????????."[237][page needed] 8 ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? 4 ??? ????????? 1 ??????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????. ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ????????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????. 10 ?????????? ????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????. ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????. 14 ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????. ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????. 15 ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????????. ?????? ????? ?????????????????? ?????????????????.[234]
????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????????
[????]
???????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????. ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????????. ????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????. ?????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??????? 30,441 ?????? ??????? ?????????. 24 ?????????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ?????????? ??????????? 3 ??????????? ???????????? ??????. ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????.[234]
????????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????????? 26 ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????-??????? ???????????? ??????????. ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????????????????. ?????? ???????????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????.[238] 8 ???????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????.[239] ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????????. ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????????????.
29 ?????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ????, ????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????????. ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????. ??????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????. ??? ???????? 10,000 ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????????????.[240][241][242]
????????? ???? ???????? ???????????
[????]
15 ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ??? 3 ???? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????. ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????. ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????. 29 ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ????? 30 ?????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????????. ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????????: "???????! 62,000 ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????!".[243][244]
?????????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????????. ??? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????. 11 ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ?????????-???????????? ?????? ???????. 1 ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????. ?????????-????????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ?????????-???????????? ?????????? ?????????????. 3 ??????? ????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????????-??????? ??????????????. ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????-??????? ???????. 6 ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????. 9 ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????. ?????????-??????????? ????????????? ?????????-??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ??? ?????????-??????????? ?????? ?????????.
????????? ??????? 1918-1919
[????]
???????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? "????????" ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????.
1918??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????. ????????????? ????????. ??????????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????????????????? ???????. 9 ??????? 1918 ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????????????????????? ??? ??? ????????. ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????????????????. ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ??? ????????.[245][246][247][242]
????? ????????? ????????? ??????????
[????]???????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????????, ?????? ?????? ???????????????? ??? ????????. ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ???????? ????????????? 3 ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????? ???????? ????????. ????????????? ??????? ????????????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????. ???????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????.[248] 9 ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????????. ???????, ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????. ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????. ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????. ??? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????.[249]
???? ??????? ??????????????, ???????????
[????]
??? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????. ???? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????. 29 ?????????? 1918 ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??????????????.[250] ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????: "???????! 62,000 ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????!".[251][252] ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ????? ????? ????? ????????.[253]
24 ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ????????????? ??????????. ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????-???????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????????. ???? ???????????? ?????????-???????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????. 29 ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????. ????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????. ????????, ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????. 3 ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????-??????? ??????????. ???? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????????????????. ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????????. ?????????? ???????? ??????????????. ??????????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????? 3 ??????? ????? ??????????????????. ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????. ????? ????????? ???? ????????? 20 ?????????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????.[254]
30 ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????. ???????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????.[250]
11 ??????? 1918 ????? ???? 5:00 ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????????. ??? ???? ???? 11:00 ??????? - "?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????" - ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??????. ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? 6 ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????. ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????. ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????. ???? ???????????? ????????????? ????????, ???????, ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????????.
??????? 1918??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????????, ?????????????? ??? ??????? ????????????. ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????????. ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? 720 ?????????????? ???????? ????????. ????????? ??????????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????????.[256][257] ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? (????????????? ????????????? ????? 10 ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????) ???????? ???????, ??????? "????????????? ?????? ???????????" ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????. ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????????. ???? ??? ??????? ????????, ????????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????????????.
?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????????. 1913??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ??? ????????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??$58 ????????? (?4,14,792.8 ????)?? ??????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ??$25 ????????? (?1,78,790 ????)???? ??????????. ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??$21 ????????? (?1,50,183.6 ????)??????, ?????? ????????? ??$17 ????????? (?1,21,577.2 ????)?????? ??????????. ??? ?????????? ??????? ??$20 ????????? (?1,43,032 ????)?? ???????????.[258]
?????
[????]?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ??? ?????????, ?????????-????????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????????.[q] ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ????? ??????? ???????????????. ??????? ???? ???????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??? ??????????? ?????, ??????????? ????????????????, ?????????-??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????. ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ?????????????? ??? ?????? ????. 14 ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????.[259] ????? ????? ????????????, ??? ????????? ?????????????????. ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ????????.[1]
???????????????? ???? ???????????????
[????]
??? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????????????. 28 ???? 1919??? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????????.[260][261] 2 ???? 1921??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??????-????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????.[262] ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? 1918??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????. ????????????? ??? ????????? ?????????, ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????????????????????:
???????? ????????????????? ????? ?????????, ???????, ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????????. ?????????? ????????? ???????????. ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????. ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????. 1920??? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????. ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????????. ????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????????????????. ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????????, ???????? ????????????? ????? ??????? 1923??? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ????????.
??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????? 1919??? ????? ????????????????. ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? 11 ??????? 1918 ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???? ????? ??????????.[268] ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ??? 23 ?????? 1923 ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????????????????????? ??????.
????? ??????????????, ????? ??????????
[????]???????? ?????, ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????. ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????, ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????????????????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????????.[269] ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????. 1919??? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ????????? 14??? ?????????? ?????????? 28 ???? 1919 ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????.[270][271]
??? ?????????? ???????????? "?????? ???? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????, ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????????" ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????. ???????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ?????? 231??? ?????????????????????. ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????????????, ??????????????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ????????????.[272] ?????? ?????????????? ??????? "???????? ????????" ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????. ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? "????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????????, ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????????" ???????.[273] ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????? 1920??? ??????? 1930????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????????:
??????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????????, ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????. "???????? ?????? ???????????" ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????. ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????????. ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????. ????? ??????????? ?????, ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????.[274]
??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????????? ????????????? ??????.[275] ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????. ???????, ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????.
?????????-???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????. ??? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????. ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????, ??????????????????, ???????, ???????, ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? (??????? ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????? ????????-????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ??????????????) ??????? ?????????????? ??????. ???? ??????????? ??????-????????-???-???? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? 64 ????????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????????? 2.09 ?????????????? 76 ???????? ?????????. ??????, ???? ???????? ?? ???????? 36% (1.07 ???????? 33 ???????) ?????? ???????.[276] 1910??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ???, ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? 54 ???????? ???????????????????. ???????????? ??????? ?? ????????????????? ?????????. ??????? 16.1% ?????????????, 10.5% ????????????????, 10.4% ??????????????, 2.5% ????????????, 2.5% ???????????? ??????? 8% ????? ??????? ????.[277] 1920 ??????? 1924???? ??????? ?????????, ?????????????????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????? 3.54 ??????? ????????????? ???????????.[278]
???????? ??????????? ????? 1917??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????, ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????, ??????????, ????????, ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????????????? ???????. ?????? 1918??? ??????????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????.[279]
????? ???????????
[????]
123 ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????. ??? "????? ??? ?????" ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ????????????, ???????????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?? ????????. ??? ????????????? ???????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????????. ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????.[280][281][282] ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????????. ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????.[283] ??????? ??????? ???????????. ??????????, ?????????, ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????.
??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????. ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? "?????????? ???????? ??????????" ????? ????????????. ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????????. ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????????. ??????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????????. ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????, ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????????????.[284][285]
???? ????? ????? ??????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????. ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? "???????????????? ?????????????" ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????????????.[286] "????? ???????" ??????? ???????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????????????. ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????, ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ???????, ??? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ??? ???????.[287][288] 1914??? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????. ???? ????????? ???? ????, ???????????, ???????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????????.[289]
??????????? ?????? ???????, ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? 1917??? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????????? ????????????. ???? ???, ?????????????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ??????????????.[290] ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? 11.72 ??????????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????????. ????? ?????????-??????????? ?????????? 2.75 ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? 4.50 ??????? ?????? ?????????.[291]
???? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????-???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????.[292] ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????.[293] ???????? ????????? ??????????????????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????????. ?????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????????.[294] ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????. ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????????????? ????? ??? ??????????????. ????? ???????????????? 21??? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ???????????.[295][296] ????-??????? ?????????[297][298][299] ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????. ??? ?????????, ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????.[300]
???????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????. ?????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????.[301][302] ?????????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ????????????? "????????? ???????" (????????????: ??? ??????????????? ??????) ????? ?????????.[301]
?????????????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????????. ??? ??????????? ????????????????????????? ????? ??? ???????????. 14 ???????????? ?????????????, 1917 ?????????? ???????????? (????????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ??????????), 1918 ???????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????. ?????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????-???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? 1917??? ???????????. ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????, ????????? ???????????. ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????. ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????.
??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????. ??????????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????????. ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????. ???? 1918??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????, ??????????????????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????????. ??? ?????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ????????????. ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????. ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? 1920??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????.
?????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????. 1917??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????????. ????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????. ??????????, ?????????? ???????, ??????????, ??????, ??????, ?????? ????????, ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????-??????????? ?????? ?????????????. 1919??? ????? ????????-???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????.[303][304]
1918??? ??????? ????????????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????????. ??? ????????????? ??????? ????????, ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????. ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????????. ??? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????. ????? ????? ???? ?????????? 1918??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????. ????????? ??????? 1919??? ??????? ??????????? ????????-??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????. 1917-18??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????, ?????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ?????????????? 1918??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????????. 1918??? ??????? ????????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????????. ?????, ??????? ?? ????????? ???????. ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ?????????. ??????????? ?????????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????????????. ????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????. ???????? ???????????????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????. ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????????.[305]
?????????
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1914 ????? 1918 ??? ?????????????????? 6 ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? 80 ??????? ???? ??????????????. 70 ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????????? ??????. 1.50 ???? ???? ??? ????????????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? 15.1 ????????? ???????. ??? ????, ?????????-??????? 17.1 ???????????????, ???????? 10.5 ????????????? ??????.[306] ???????? 78 ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????. ????? 14 ??????? ???? ????????. 32 ??????? ???? ????????????.[307] ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? 15,000 ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????????, ????????????? ?????????? ????????. ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????????????. ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????????? 4.74 ??????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????. ???? ???????????? ????????? 1918??? 2.71 ??????? ??????, 1919??? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? 71,000 ???? ?????? ????????????????????. 1919??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????.[308] ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? 1 ??????? ???????? ???????.[309] 1921??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? 50 ??????? ????? 1 ???? ???????? ?????? ????????.[310] ??????? ????? ????, ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? 1920-1922??? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? 1922??? ????? ???????? ??????????? 45 ??????? ????? 70 ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????????.[311] ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????. 1930????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? 1 ??????? ??????????? ?????????????.[312] ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????, ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ???????????.
????????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????. 1914??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? 2 ??????? ???? ???????.[313] 1918 ????? 1922 ??????????? 2.50 ???? ???? ????????????????. 30 ??????? ???? ??????? ????????.[314] 1923??? 1.30 ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????. ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ??? ??? ???????????? ????????.[315] 1918??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????. ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ?????????. ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????. ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ???? ???? ???????????. ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? 1.70 ????? 2.50 ???? ???????? ???????? ???????.[3][316] ????? ????????????? 26.4 ??????? ??????, ????????????? 6.75 ??????? ?????? ????????????????????? ????? ????????????????????.[317] ??????, 1915 ??????? 1926???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????. ??????????? 50 ??????? ?????? ?????????.[318][319] 1917??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? 2,000?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????.[320] ???? ??????????????? 60 ?????? ????? 2 ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ?? ????????????????????.[321]
??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ??????? ????????????? ???? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????.[322] ??????? ????????? ???,[323] ???????????? ?? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????. ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???????????????????????.[324]
???? ??????????
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??????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??????????????? ?????, ????????? ??????? ??????????????? (22 ?????? - 25 ?? 1915) ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????.[r][325] ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????????. ??? ??? ????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????, ???? ???????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????????????.[325] ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????????. ???? ??????? ?????? 13 ??????? ????????? ????????. ????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? 90,000 ???? ????? ????????.[325] ???????????????? 1,86,000 ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????????????????. ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? 80% ???? ??????????????????????. ???? ????????? ???? 1917??? ???????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????????????? ????? ???????????????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????????????? ???????.[325] ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????. ??????? ??????????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? 5 ???????? ????????.[326] ???? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? 1899??? ??????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? 1907??? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????. ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????.[327][328]
?????????? ???????? ??????????????
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???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????. ????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????. ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????????.[330] ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????. ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????.[331] 1915??? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????. ??? ???????? ???????? (?????????? ??????) ???????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????. ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????? 1915 ??????? 1918???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????????. ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????. ??? ??????????? ???????????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????????.[332] ????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????, ???????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? 15 ??????? ???? ??????????????? ????? ????????????????.[330][333] ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????. ??????????? ?????????????????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????????. ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????.[334]
???????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????????. ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????. ???????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????????????.[335][336][337] ????????? 2.50 ??????? ???????? ????????????? (????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????), 3.50 ????? 7.50 ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? 1915 ??????? 1922 ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????.[338]
?????? ???????
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?????????? ?????? 80 ??????? ???? ???????? ???????????. ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????????. ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????????. ???????????? ???????????????? ??? ????? ???????????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????.[339]
???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ??????? 25% ????? 31%??? ???????? (???????????????????, ??????????????? ?????? ????????????????? ?????????????). ?????????-??????????? 32%, ??????????? 26%, ???????????? 12%, ??????????? 9%, ????????????? 7%??? ????????. ??? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? 14 ??????? ???? ?????????. ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????????. 25 ??????? ????? 35 ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????????? ?????? 33 ??????? ???? ???????? ????????????. ????????? ????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????.[340]
???? ?????????? ??????????
[????]??? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? 4,29,28,000 ?? ????????. ???????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? 2,52,48,000 ?? ????????.[341][342] ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????????. ????? ????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????????. ???? ????????????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ?????????? ??????? "????????? ?????????? ??????????" ?????? "???????????" ???? ?????????? ?????????????. ??? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????????????????.[343]
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??????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????????????????? ????????.[344] ????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ????????????? ????????. ????????? ???????????? ???????????????[345] ??????? ???????????,[346][347] ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????????? ????????.[348][349]
?????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????? 1917??? ????? ??????????. ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????. ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????????.[350] ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? 10 ??????? ?????? ?????? 73,000 ?????????????? ??????? ?????????. ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????, ??????????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????.[351]
????? ?? ??????????????
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[????]???????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????. ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????. ???????????? ????????????? ????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ????????.[352]
??????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????? 50%???? ?????????. ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????. ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????? ???? ???????. ????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????. ????????? ?????? ??????? 16??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????????. 1919??? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????. ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ???? ??????. ??????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????. ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? 1931??? ????? ????????????????. ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????????. 1934??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ??$4.4 ????????? (?31,467 ????)-?[s] ??????? ???????????????. ????? ????? ????????? ???????? 2015??? ????? ??????? ???????????????.[353]
??????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????. ????????? ????????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. ???????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????????. ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????.[354]
???????? ????????????? 231??? ????????? ("?????? ????????????" ?????? ????? ??? ????????????????) "??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????" ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????.[355] ??????????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????????. ??? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????. ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????????.[356] 1921??? ????? ?????????? ????????? 132 ????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????????????. ??????? "??? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????" ?????? ???????????????. ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????. ????????? ????????? "???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????????" ????? ???????????????????. ???? "?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????... ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????????????" ????????.[357] ???????? 50 ????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? (??$12.50 ????????? (?89,395 ????)) "??????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????????????????". "????... ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????????????????????".[357]
???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? (????????, ????, ???? ???????? ???????) ??????????????? ???? ???? ????????. ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????????. ?????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????????????.[358] 1929 ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????. ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????.[359] 1932??? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????. ???????????? ??????? 20.598 ????????? ???? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????????.[360] ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? 1920??? ??????? 1930????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????????. ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? "??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????. ???????????, ???????????? ??????? ????????." ????????, ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? 1953??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????. 3 ???????? 2010 ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????.[t]
?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????, "???????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????????????????. ???? ?????? ?????????????, ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ????? ???? ???????????." ??????????? ￡55,71,720 ?????????? ???? ???????????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ￡37,69,93,052 ??????????? ???????. 1930????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????, ???? ?????????? ???????, ???????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ￡83,12,80,947 ??????????? ???????.[365] ?????? ??????????? 4,16,000 ????????????????? ?????? 60,000 ???? ??????????????, ????????? 1,52,000 ???? ????????????.[341]
???? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????????. ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????. ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????????.[366] ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????????. ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ????????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????.[366]
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??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????????. ?????????-????????????????????, ??? ???? ?????? ??????????????????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????????, ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ???????????. ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? 30 ?????? 1915??? ????????????????. ????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????.[367] ?????? 1918??? ?????????????????, ????????, ???????, ???????????????, ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????. ?????????-????????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????????.[368]
?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????????? ???? ????????????? ?????????. ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????????????. 1916??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????.[369]
??????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????????.[370] ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????, "????????????? ?????????? ?????????????, ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????? ????? ????????????" ???????. ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????. ???????????? ????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????????. ?????? ??? ????????????.[371] ??????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????????.[372] ???????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????.[373] ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ??. ?. ??????? ??????????????? ?? ??? ?????????????? ????????????.[374]
?????? 1914??? ???? ???????????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????.[368] ????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????????. ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????.[375] ??? ???? ???? ????????????? ????????, ???????????, ????????, ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????????????.[376]
???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????. ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????. ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????, ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ??'????????? ?????????. ????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????????. ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????.[377] ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ???????????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????. ???????? ???????????? ???????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????.[378] ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????.[379] ???????, ???????? ?????? ????????????????? ???????????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ????????????????? ??? ????????????.[380] ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????.[380] ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ????????, ?????????-??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????. ?????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??????????????? ("??????? ???????????????? ??????? ????") ???? ???????????? ???????? 1916??? ???????????. ??? 1919??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????????????? ????? ?????????????????. ????? ??????????? ????????? ????????.[381] ????????? (??? ?????? ??????????? ???????) ??????? ??? ???????????????????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ???????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????.[382]
?????????? ???????
[????]?????????????? ?????, ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????????. ??? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????????????? ??????. ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????. ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????????? ????, ?????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????. 1919 ???????? ?????????????? ??????? 983 ???? ????????? ???????????? ?????????.[383] ???????? ????? ??????????, ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????????.[384] ????? 2002??? ??????? ??????? 11 ???? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????.[385]
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??? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????. 1914 ??????? 1915??? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????, ????????? ???? ?????????????? ??? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????.[387] ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??????????. ??????????? 1912??? ???????? ??????. ???? 1914 ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????. ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????, ?????????????????? ??????? ????????. ??? 1916??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????. ??????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????????? 20,000 ????????????? ??????? ??????????.[388] ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????????? ????? ??????????????? ????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????.[389] ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????. ??? 1918??? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????????.
??? ???????????? ????????????? ???? ????????????????? ??????? ??????. ????? ??? ??????????????????, ????? ??????????????? ?????????. ??????? ????? ?????????. ??????????? 16,000 ???? ????????????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????.[390] ????? ?????, ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????????.[391] ???? ??????? ???? ???????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????????. ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ???????????? "????????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????????" ????? ??????????????????.[392]
1917 ?? 1 ????? 4 ???? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? 1 ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????????, ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????, ???? ?????????? "???? ????!" ??????? "??????? ????????? ????????????????!" ???? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ????????.[393] ????? ????????? ?? 1917??? ???????????? ??????????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????????. ????????????? ????????, ???? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????.[394] ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????????. ??????????????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????????, ??????? 23 ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????????. ????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????. ??????????? 50 ???? (?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????) ??????????????. 800 ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????.[394]
?????????????
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????????????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ????????. 1914??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????. ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????. 1917 ???????? ????????????? (?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ???) ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????. ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????, ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????????????? ??????????????.[398]
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[????]- ↑ The United States did not ratify any of the treaties agreed to at the Paris Peace Conference.
- ↑ Bulgaria joined the Central Powers on 14 October 1915.
- ↑ The Ottoman Empire agreed to a secret alliance with Germany on 2 August 1914. It joined the war on the side of the Central Powers on 29 October 1914.
- ↑ The United States declared war on Austria-Hungary on 7 December 1917.
- ↑ Austria was considered one of the successor states to Austria-Hungary.
- ↑ The United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917.
- ↑ Hungary was considered one of the successor states to Austria-Hungary.
- ↑ Although the Treaty of Sèvres was intended to end the war between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire, the Allied Powers and the ????????, the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne.
- ↑ ???????? ?????? during 1914–1917, ???????? ???????? during 1917. The Bolshevik government signed the separate peace with the Central Powers shortly on 3 March 1918 after their armed seizure of power of November 1917, leading to Central Powers victory in the Eastern Front and Russian defeat in World War I, however the peace treaty was nullified by Allied Powers victory on the Western Front at the end of World War I on 11 November 1918.
- ↑ Following the Armistice of Foc?ani causing Romania to withdraw from the Eastern Front of World War I; Romania signed a peace treaty with the Central Powers on 7 May 1918, however the treaty was canceled by Romania and Romania itself rejoined the Allied Powers on 10 November 1918.
- ↑ Died in 1916 of pneumonia, succeeded by Charles (Karl) I of Austria
- ↑ Died in July 1918 and succeeded by Mehmed VI
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???????????
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Travel guide ???????????????????????
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- Links to other WWI Sites, worldwide links from Brigham Young U.
- The World War One Document Archive, from Brigham Young U.
- International Encyclopedia of the First World War
- Records on the outbreak of World War I from the UK Parliamentary Collections
- The Heritage of the Great War / First World War. Graphic color photos, pictures and music
- A multimedia history of World War I
- European Newspapers from the start of the First World War and the end of the war
- WWI Films on the European Film Gateway
- The British Pathé WW1 Film Archive ????????????? 24 ?????? 2019 at the ??????? ?????????
- World War I British press photograph collection – A sampling of images distributed by the British government during the war to diplomats overseas, from the UBC Library Digital Collections
- Personal accounts of American World War I veterans, Veterans History Project, ?????????? ????????? ??????.
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[????]- National Library of New Zealand
- State Library of New South Wales
- US Library of Congress
- Indiana University Bloomington ????????????? 5 ???? 2015 at the ??????? ?????????
- New York University ????????????? 5 ?????? 2015 at the ??????? ?????????
- University of Alberta
- California State Library, California History Room. Collection: California. State Council of Defense. California War History Committee. Records of Californians who served in World War I, 1918–1922.
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