?????-?????

百度他1996年毕业于原上海医科大学，之后长期在复旦大学附属华山医院工作，历任该院神经外科副主任、院长助理、副院长，并曾先后兼任该院属下多家分院和中心医院院长。

????? ???????? (X-rays, X-????????, ????? ????????) ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ??????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ??????. ???????? ???????? 10 ??????????? ????? 0.01 ??????????? ????????? .

?????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????????????.^[1] ?????,???? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????. ????? ???????? ?????????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????. ??????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????????. ????????????????????? ????????? ??????????? 1901??? ????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????.

???? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????, ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????. ??????????? ???????????? ??????????. ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? (Diagnostic Radiology) ??????????? ???????? ????????????.

??????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????????. ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????. ??????? ????? ?????????? (Radiation therapy) ?????????.

??????????? ????????? ??????? (CdS), ????????????? ??????? (ZnCdS), ????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? (Fluorescence) ????????????????. ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ??????????( fluorescent Sreen) ??????????? ?????????? ( Intensifying Sreen) ???????? ??????????. ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????????. ????? ????????, ?????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?????????????? ????????????. ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????.

?????-???????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ???????? (Roentgen rays) 1895 ??????? 8 ??? ???? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????????. ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????. ??????????? ???? ?????-???????? ?? ?????????.^[2]

?????-???????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ???????????????? ????????? ???????????????????. ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????, ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????. ??? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????-????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????. 10^?11 m ???????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????.

?????-??????? ????????

?????????? ?????????- ???????????? ????????

????? -???????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????. ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???-????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????. ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????????. ???????? ????????? ?????-???????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????????????. ????????? ?????-?????????? ???? ?????????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??.???.? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ?????????? ?????-???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????. ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?????-???????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????. ?????????????? ?????-??????? ???????????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????????????????????.

???????? ?????-?????????? ????????? ?????? ????????. ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????-??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????????????. ????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????????????????.

?????-???????? ???????????? ???, ???-????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????????. ???? ?????-?????????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????????? ?????.

????????

X-??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????. ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ??????????????????????. A-?????????, C-?????????, W-????, X- ????? ????????

??? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????-?????????? ???????????????^[3]^[4]
?????????????? ?????????	??? ???	???????? ????? [keV]		????????[nm]
?????????????? ?????????	??? ???	K_α1	K_β1	K_α1	K_β1
W	74	59.3	67.2	0.0209	0.0184
Mo	42	17.5	19.6	0.0709	0.0632
Cu	29	8.05	8.91	0.157	0.139
Ag	47	22.2	24.9	0.0559	0.0497
Ga	31	9.25	10.26	0.134	0.121
In	49	24.2	27.3	0.0512	0.455

?????-???????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????????, ??? ????? ????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????-??????? ???????????????? ????????????????. ??????? ???????? ?????????/ ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????????. ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??????????????? (????????????) ???? ?????-???????? ???????????????.^[5] ?????????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????. ?????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????-???????? ????????????????. ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????-???????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????????. ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????????. ???????? 75 kV ???????????? ???? ??????????? 75 keV ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ?????-???????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????????????????:1. ?????-????? ??????????- ?????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????-???????? ???????????. ????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????-?????????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????.

2. ???????????????? - ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????? ?????-????????????. ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????.

????????? ???????????? ????? X-??????? ???????? ????????????? X-??????? ??????? ?????. ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????, ????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???????????????? ????????????.

??????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????????????????. ??????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????. ???? ?????-??????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????.

????????????? ?????-????????

?????-?????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????. ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ???????? (X-rays without electricity) ?????????? ????? ???????????? ????????. ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????-???????? ????????????. ??? ???? ???????????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????. ???????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????. ????????????? 90, β ???????? (?????????????) ????????????. ??????? ????????????? ????????????? 90 ????????? ???????????????. ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????. ??????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????????????.

?????????? ???????

???????? ?????????? ?????????????????????? ?????-???????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????. ?????-???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????. ?????-??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????????? ??? ????????????????? ??????????. 2010 ??? ???????? ???????? 5 ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????.

?????-????? ???????? ?????????? ????????

???? ?????-????? ????, ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????:

??????? ???????? ???????? (Optical density);
?????? ??????? (Right contrast);
???? ???? ?????? (Maximum clarity);
??????? ???? ?????????????? (Minimum magnification).

????? ????? ???????? ????????????

?????-????? ???????? ???????????? ( Blurring of x ray image ) ?????? ????? ????????????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????????. ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????:

??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????.
?????????? ?????????? ???? ??????, ???????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????.
???????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????.
???????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????.

??????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????.

???? ???????????

????????????? ?????-???????? ?????????????? ????? ????????????? ?????-?????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????????.
?????-????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????????????? ????? ?????-???????? ????? ????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????.
????????? ?????-?????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????.
?????-????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????. ?????-????? ??????? ????? ?????????????????, ????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????????.
????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? (CT scanner) ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????.
????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????.
??????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????????????.

???????????

↑ "X-Rays". ????. Archived from the original on ??????? 22, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |= ignored (help)
↑ Novelline, Robert (1997). Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology. Harvard University Press. 5th edition. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-674-83339-2.
↑ "X-ray Transition Energies". NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory. 2025-08-07. Retrieved 2025-08-07.
↑ "X-Ray Data Booklet Section 1.2 X-ray emission energies". Center for X-ray Optics and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 2025-08-07. Retrieved 2025-08-07.
↑ Whaites, Eric (2002). Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 15–20. ISBN 0-443-07027-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)^{[??????????? ???????]}

???? ??????????

???????????? ?????-????? ??????? ???????? ???????????.

Historical X-ray tubes
Example Radiograph: Fractured Humerus
A Photograph of an X-ray Machine ????????????? 2025-08-07 at the ??????? ?????????
X-ray Safety
An X-ray tube demonstration (Animation)
1896 Article: "On a New Kind of Rays"
"Digital X-Ray Technologies Project" ????????????? 2025-08-07 at the ??????? ?????????
What is Radiology? ????????????? 2025-08-07 at the ??????? ????????? a simple tutorial
50,000 X-ray, MRI, and CT pictures ????????????? 2025-08-07 at the ??????? ????????? MedPix medical image database
Index of Early Bremsstrahlung Articles ????????????? 2025-08-07 at the ??????? ?????????
Extraordinary X-Rays ????????????? 2025-08-07 at the ??????? ????????? – slideshow by Life

[1] "X-Rays". ????. Archived from the original on ??????? 22, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |= ignored (help)

[squires-2] Novelline, Robert (1997). Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology. Harvard University Press. 5th edition. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-674-83339-2.

[3] "X-ray Transition Energies". NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory. 2025-08-07. Retrieved 2025-08-07.

[4] "X-Ray Data Booklet Section 1.2 X-ray emission energies". Center for X-ray Optics and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 2025-08-07. Retrieved 2025-08-07.

[5] Whaites, Eric (2002). Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 15–20. ISBN 0-443-07027-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)^{[??????????? ???????]}

[1]

[2]

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[4]

[5]

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